Islam is commonly summarized through six articles of faith, not seven universal “pillars of belief.” These are belief in Allah, the angels, the revealed scriptures, the messengers, the Last Day, and divine decree. The familiar list is rooted in the Qur’an and in the Hadith of Gabriel, which distinguishes iman (faith), Islam (religious submission and practice), and ihsan (spiritual excellence).
1. Belief in Allah
Islam teaches uncompromising monotheism, known as tawhid. Muslims believe that Allah is the one God, creator and sustainer, without partner or equal. The Arabic word Allah is the standard Arabic term for God and is also used by Arabic-speaking Christians.
2. Belief in angels
Muslims believe in angels as created beings who serve God. The Qur’an names figures such as Gabriel, associated with revelation. Islamic tradition describes angelic roles connected with revelation, worship, recording deeds, and other divine commands.
3. Belief in revealed scriptures
Muslims believe that God revealed guidance to earlier communities and prophets. The Qur’an refers to the Torah, Psalms, Gospel, and other revelation while presenting the Qur’an as the revelation given to Muhammad. Muslim theology differs from Jewish and Christian understandings of these scriptures and their transmission.
4. Belief in God’s messengers
Islam recognizes many prophets and messengers, including Abraham, Moses, David, and Jesus. Muhammad is regarded as the final prophet. Qur’an 2:285 emphasizes belief in God, angels, books, and messengers and warns against rejecting God’s messengers selectively.
5. Belief in the Last Day
Muslims believe in resurrection, judgment, and accountability before God. Qur’anic descriptions of the Last Day, paradise, and hell shape Islamic teaching about moral responsibility and the ultimate meaning of human life.
6. Belief in divine decree
The doctrine often called qadar concerns God’s knowledge and decree. Muslim theologians have discussed how divine sovereignty relates to human responsibility in different ways. The doctrine is therefore more nuanced than simple fatalism.
Articles of faith and the Five Pillars
The six articles of faith should not be confused with the Five Pillars: profession of faith, prayer, almsgiving, fasting in Ramadan, and pilgrimage to Mecca for those able to go. The first list summarizes belief; the second summarizes major religious practices.
